Essay on Poetry Analysis - The Fish - 666 Words

The Fish is a narrative monologue composed for 76 free-verse lines. The poem is constructed as one long stanza. The author is the speaker narrating this poem. She narrates a fishing experience. The author is out in a rented boat on a body of water, presumably a lake. She tries to describe the fish to the fullest, which appears to be the purpose of the poem, without saying either the specie or an approximate age. The narration gives the impression that the fish is slightly old. There are a number of reasons as to why that fish got caught by the author, including time of day, the weeds weighing it down, fish’s age, and the fact that it has been previously caught five times. This poem is full of visual imagery; one can imagine being the†¦show more content†¦Next, the speaker talks about the fish’s eyes, larger, shallower, and yellower than hers. The different pieces of fishing line caught in his jaw shows how many times he either escaped or was let go by the other fishers. Then the description of the rented boat, the parts of the boat that all turned into a rainbow. There are four examples of assonance in this poem, lines 6-7, 10, 14-15, and 21. In lines 6-7, fought/all and hung/grunting are assonants. In line 10, skin/strips are assonants and also the speaker uses hung again which she used earlier in line 7 to reiterate that the fish is dying. Blown/roses and stained/age are assonants in lines 14-15. Line 21 is the last line in this poem to employ assonance, green/weed and also the third line to use â€Å"hung†. The fish hanging on both describes its age as well as its weight. There is also repetition of â€Å"rainbow† four times, lines 69 and 75, which shows that she had a â€Å"vision† or a transformation that caused her to release the fish. The author’s diction is easy to understand, not complicated fisherman dialect. In lines 8 and 9, she uses words that offer a precise description of the fish, battered and v enerable and homely. But she also employs words that show that she has knowledge of fishing, such as, shiny entrails (line 31), and isinglass (line 41). There is a little irony in the poem. In lines 5 and 6, the author says, He didnt fight. He hadnt fought atShow MoreRelated Formalistic Approach to Ode on the Death of a Favorite Cat (Favourite)599 Words   |  3 Pages Formalistic Approach to Ode on the Death of a Favorite Cat (Favourite)nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp; Formal analysis of poetry helps to unfold the underlying meaning of a poem. This technique does not focus on the author of the poem, or what was happening in history during the time when the poem was written, but instead puts emphasis on the actual mean of the work. Formal analysis breaths life into the literary work and allows the poem to speak for itself. For example, in Thomas Grays poem OdeRead MoreEssay on Elements of Life1095 Words   |  5 PagesWhen analyzing and understanding poetry, many may discover that there could be several different elements and styles that an author can incorporate into their poems. Many poems may seem simple and straightforward on the surface, but there could be an underlying deeper meaning behind the words. There are many instances in which a song can be compared to a poem such as Elizabeth Bishops â€Å"The Fish† and the theme song from the 1981 film â€Å"Chariots of Fire†. These two are great examples of their relatedRead MoreCompa ring Modern And Traditional Poems1359 Words   |  6 Pages apart from considering a poem’s worth by linking to its social and cultural contexts, an independent analysis is quite possible. It is in this context that a deep textual analysis of the formal features of the poems becomes significant. A formal analysis can be done for any poem of any style, modern or traditional. The modern poems such as Theme for English B by Langston Hughes and â€Å"The Fish† by Elizabeth Bishop can be compared with traditional poems such as Shakespeare’s â€Å"My mistress eyes areRead MoreA Reflection in Sylvia Plaths Mirror1013 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction to Literature Professor Lyndsey Lefebvre November 18, 2013 A Reflection in Sylvia Plath’s Mirror Sylvia Plath’s poem Mirror (1963) is evocative, provocative, and expressive. According to Clugston (2010) these are important components of poetry. Sylvia Plath’s first line is a projection of the mirror providing its introduction saying, â€Å"I am silver and exact†(Plath, 1963, line 1). The mirror is the protagonist who performs a dramatic monologue about the reflections it observes throughoutRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Fish 1047 Words   |  5 PagesModernist Poetry Analysis February 25, 2015 â€Å"The Fish† Imagism is a style of poetry that employs free verse and the patterns and rhythms of common speech. The poet is free to write about whatever they want. The goal is to unify voice and image into a talking picture. Poets then have the power to make words into things. This then creates a picture for the reader. Marianne Moore is able to perfectly get her point across without directly stating it but making it clear enough. Moore’s poem â€Å"The Fish† usesRead MoreFinal Essay: English 1Bs Journey 1128 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish in its entirety can be simply described as author, biologist and physician, Lewis Thomas had once said, â€Å"We pass the word around; we ponder how the case is put by different people, we read the poetry; we meditate over the literature; we play the music; we change our minds; we reach an understanding. Society evolves this way, not by shouting each other down, but by the unique capacity of unique, individual human beings to comprehend each other† (Thomas 120). The impact literature can bringRead MoreThroughout Literary History The Definition And Application939 Words   |  4 Pagesthroughout history we will follow the views of five different theorists and their works: Matthew Arnold (1867), Sigmund Freud (1900), Wolfgang Iser (1960), Stanley Fish (1976), and Stephen Greenblatt (1960). Our first theorist comes from the Romantic theory and criticism. This era’s focus on the â€Å"individual which led to an unprecedented focus on poetry as the personal expression of the poet† (Leitch 12). A focus on the poet’s thoughts, feelings, and emotions led to readers sympathizing with the poet. LiteratureRead MoreEssay about The Fish754 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Fish† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Poems to me are an expression of a person’s outlook on a particular scene or subject. By reading a poem a person can be enlightened and take an understanding of what they are actually reading. In â€Å"The Fish†, I personally was caught up in all the excitement because I know what it feels like to catch a really gigantic fish. This poem, to me, shows an outlook on nature that I have always been accustomed to. In writing poems there is a whole category ofRead MoreThe Projection Of War 1151 Words   |  5 PagesThe Projection of ‘War’ in Poetry: Applying Metaphor Theory One study that investigates the role of metaphor in poetry is Peter Stockwell (2002). Stockwell defines metaphor as ‘ the use of one expression to refer to a different concept in in a way which is still regarded as meaningful, and metaphor has most prototypically been associated with poetic and literary usage.’ According to Stockwell, much work in cognitive science has demonstrated that metaphor is related to the function of human mindRead MoreThe Poetry of Sylvia Plath734 Words   |  3 PagesSylvia Plaths poetry roots from her harsh life long battle with heart break, death, and depression. It is clear by her work, that life was a daily struggle for this poet. In the research of her poetry, i found one poem in particular that really interested me. My main focus was the poem Mirror. The narrator of this poem is a wall mirror. At first glance, the mirror appears to be human, based off of its qualities and descriptions. The mirror has the ability to recognize things, such as the small

The Work Of John Locke - 1395 Words

Different theorists have attempted to explain why individuals submit themselves to an external power to form a society. Some philosophers argue that individuals submit themselves to an external power on a contractual basis through the mutual transfer of right since, primarily, everyone has a right to everything. On party, therefore, foregoes certain natural rights and so does the other so that both converge to limited rights that govern them. Such philosophers base their argument on the assumption that sovereignty is primarily unlimited and that it is foregone when rights are transferred (Kimmel 54). On the contrary, other theorists have argued that sovereignty is never foregone upon the transfer of rights but its rather maintained among the people through the people s in the form of a government. The government is, therefore, portrayed, in this case, as an external power belonging to the people, by the people and for the people. These contrasting theories have generated heated argum ents on which of them is analytically correct. This paper provides an analysis of the work of John Locke with regard to explaining why individuals submit themselves to external power to form a society. Also, the paper provides defensive evidence explaining why Locke s work is the most compelling explanation of the question. Meaning of Social Contract as Used in This Paper In spite of the differing arguments, the theories converge on the fact that some social contract is formed between men.Show MoreRelatedJohn Locke : A Work Of Political Ingenuity872 Words   |  4 PagesTHE PHILOSOPHER JOHN LOCKE: A WORK OF POLITICAL INGENUITY Locke’s profound writings have had significant impact and influence on the works of future political thinkers till today. He is the principal architect of the enlightenment which inspired the American and French revolution. Locke’s view is instrumental to modern philosophy. 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He was born in Wrington, England on August 29th, 1632. A father, also named John, who was a country lawyer, and his mother Anges Keene, raised Locke. Both his parents were Puritans, which influenced his later work immensely (John Locke). Locke’s parents sent him to the famous Westminister School in London where he was led by Alexander Popham, a member of ParliamentRead MoreBusiness Ethics: John Locke Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Ethics: John Locke Business Ethics Business ethics is defined as â€Å"a specialized study of moral right and wrong that focusses on moral standards as they apply to business institutions, organizations, and behavior† (Velasquez, 2014, p.15). Business ethics is the study of moral standards that focusses primarily on how these standards may apply to social systems and/or organizations. 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There is speculation about how John Locke would view the modern idea of American Capitalism and how it would complement or conflict his idea of the social contract. I will argue that John Locke would be against this interpretation of modern capitalism. There are differentRead MoreBenjamin Franklin And His Life1281 Words   |  6 Pageswas only 10 years old, his father took him out of school to go work with him at his candle making shop. Ben did not like this too much because he wanted to venture out and do other things, and making candles with his father was not one of them. Ben’s father sent Ben to his brother James printing shop, and Ben was thrilled to go work at a printing shop. Although his brother did not treat him very well, Ben was still excited to work at the shop. Working at his brother’s print shop brought manyRead MoreJohn Locke : The Most Influential Philosophical And Political Thinker917 Words   |  4 PagesThe Key to Locke John Locke â€Å"proved to be the most influential philosophical and political thinker of the seventeenth century† (Kagen 213). He lived in a period of great political change; Locke’s upbringing came to influence his philosophies, and these ideas had much significance in regards to the Enlightenment. Locke was born on August 29, 1632 in Wrington, Somerset (John Locke 9: 478). Early on came the outbreak of the English Civil War. Anglican and possessing Puritan sympathies, Locke’s fatherRead MoreAnalysis Of John Locke s The Of The Golden Era Essay1393 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Renaissance and William Shakespeare treated us to the best writings and plays in the English language. Likewise, John Locke is a man who accomplished what many men could not. He single handedly developed a political system that had a focus on liberty, his work would help influence many men from both sides of the Atlantic. Aside from being a brilliant political theorist, Locke was an author who wrote many outstanding writings. He is remembered as being one of the best English philosophers of allRead More John Locke Essay1215 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Locke John Locke is considered to be England’s most prominent philosopher. He was born August 29, 1632 in a small town of Somerset, which is south of Bristol, England. Locke was the oldest of three children. His mother died when he was 22 years old and Locke spoke of her very well. Locke’s father was a Puritan attorney and clerk to a justice of the peace in the town where Locke was born. He was very strict with his son when he was younger. which Locke later believed that parents should

In Hong Kong deep excavations ... free essay sample

In Hong Kong deep excavations are often used for construction of underground transportation networks, buildings basements and water distribution system. The deep excavation methods always causing adverse ground movement and result in damage of the structure of the adjacent property particularly in soft ground situation. Thus, excavation and lateral support (ELS) system is very important to prevent the excessive ground movement. Some of the researchers have studies the ground deformation created by excavations in soft clay, however seldom of researchers have studies the deformation behaviour during excavation in reclaimed Land. In this Dissertation, a deep excavation case using diaphragm wall to support the mixed ground for studying the ground movement behavior will be shared. Nowadays, numerical analysis is the major method to estimate the ground settlement and deformation induced by excavations, while it is quite difficult to select a suitable model and difficult to determine the soil parameters. Review of the soil parameters is the most important process before carrying out the numerical analysis. Hence, back-analysis will be conducted to define the parameters for excavations in mixed ground. The proposed Dissertation report mainly focuses on the behaviour of Diaphragm Wall during deep excavation. This progress review report mainly to discuss the literature review and method to analysis the behavior of Diaphragm Wall for deep excavation process.The proposed Route 6 network development in Hong Kong comprise of Central Kowloon Route (CKR), Trunk Road T2, and Tseung Kwan O – Lam Tin Tunnel. Route 6 will offer an east-west express link between West Kowloon and Tseung Kwan O and resolve the existing heavily congested urban road network in the central and eastern Kowloon areas [CEDD, 2015]. Contract No. KL/2014/03 – Kai Tak Development Stage 3 is required to build a Trunk Road T2. The Length of T2 is about 420m underground vehicular tunnel by using of a supporting underground structure (SUS) which consist of diaphragm walls, pre-bored H-piles, tunnel top and bottom slabs, temporary end walls for CKR connection and ventilation adits buried underneath the existing Shing Cheong Road and Cheung Yip Street. Road T2 is the entrustment works of the part of Central Kowloon Route development [CEDD, 2015].Due to widespread volcanism and plutonism beneath the earths surface in ancient, the geological profile generally in Hong Kong are volcanic and granitic materials [Sewell 2000]. The subtropical and monsoonal climate with cool dry winters and hot and wet summers in Hong Kong has accelerate weathering processes in these kinds of rocks. The profiles are usually from few meters to several tens of meters in thickness depend on the intensive of the scrubbing processes [Fyfe 200 0]. The rocks cover with Quaternary surface sediments, ranging in thickness from lamellae to several tens of meters. Quaternary superficial deposit comprises many local deposits and extensive collapse of alluvium. Marine sediments may exist in some areas above the alluvial layer. In developed areas, a few meters thick of fill soil located above the sediments surface. Groundwater level is generally higher, just a few meters below the surface. Hong Kong mainly is hilly geometry land thus lack of flat land for urban development. The past century, the extensive reclamation has been carried out at the coastal line of Hong Kong Kowloon Peninsula [Fyfe 2000]. In Hong Kong, there are 6 type of decomposition levels to classify the soil and the rock, table 4 shown in Geoguide 3 are usually used to describe the volcanic and granitic materials in Hong Kong [Geoguide 3, 2017]. The soil mechanics terminology of rock define as the material of decomposition levels from Grades I to III and Grade I is fresh rock, Grade II ; III slightly and moderately decomposed rock. Grades IV to VI decomposition material define as soil. Soil is equal to rock of decomposition Grades IV and V or namely highly decomposed and completely decomposed materials. Grade VI, defined as residual soil, which is not common found in Hong Kong and usually in a thin layer.It is not easy to obtain undisturbed granular granitic and volcanic samples deeper than 20 meters for carry out testing in laboratory. Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is the most common method used in Hong Kong to verify its geotechnical characteristics. It has recently been found that shear modulus of granitic rock is highly nonlinear even at very small strains. In-situ measurements of shear modulus of granite soil at very small strains Go by compression wave and shear wave (P-S) velocity logging tests conducted at Kowloon Bay [Ng 2000], where N is number of blow count from SPTs. A range of SPT N values correlated with Youngs modulus such as E = 200 to 3000N (kPa) was proposed by Geotechnical Engineering Office (GEO) of Civil Engineering Development Department (CEDD) of The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) [Geoguide 1, 2017]. Also, the relationships between SPT N values and shear strength parameters (i.e., effective cohesion, c and angle of friction, I ;) and fine contents are given by [Pun and Ho 1996]. The range for I ; varies from 33Â ° and 44Â ° and c from 0 to 6 kPa related to the proportion of fine contents and SPT N values. The geological feature of Kai Tak airport is a reclamation area, it is using granular fill material from the seabed to develop Kai Tak airfield by hydraulic fill method from Victoria Harbour [CEDD web site]. During the feasibility stage of the proposed Central Kowloon Route, CEDD of HKSAR has conducted ground investigation for the proposed underground trunk road development. The geological ground condition of the area generally comprises of around 10~14m thick of fill, 2~11m thick of marine deposit, 12~22m thick of alluvium, 8~48m thick of completely decomposed granite and moderately decomposed granite (Bed Rock).Throughout ground investigation process on site and laboratory testing of soil sample, most of the important soil parameters could be defined. These information is important for design the deep excavation system and the proposed works such as:In dense urban city, space for new construction site is limited thus deep excavation for substructure work will induce adverse ground movement to the adjacent property. Throughout the past 30 years diaphragm wall was widely used for deep excavations in Hong Kong such as the Mass Transit Railway, Express Rail Link, Basement of Mega High-Rise Building and Harbour Area Treatment Scheme (HATS) that provide and extra underground space for development. Diaphragm Wall is reinforced concrete wall panel constructed in the ground using bentonite slurry trench technique during excavation, slurry has unit weight around 10. 5 to 10.8 kN/m3. Obstructions such as boulders may be presented during the excavation, hydrofraise machine ore pre-boring will be used to overcome the hard material. Water-stop will be provided in the vertical joint between the reinforced concrete wall panels.The D-walls are supported by props such as concrete floor slabs for top-down construction method or temporary props such as steel struts in both top-down and bottom-up construction method. In a complex underground structure, tie-back anchors may be used which provided more working space then the traditional strutting system. The advantage of top-down method is to speed up construction process and to minimize ground deformation, while the bottom-up method is often used when working space is allowed. According to the findings from [Long 2001], the wall deflection using the top-down construction method is not smaller than the bottom-up construction method. In some case, the wall deflection using the top-down construction method is found greater than the bottom-up construction method such as the case in Singapore Nicholl Highway.Inject grout curtain to the toe of D-wall is a normal practice which to control seepage of groundwater entering into an excavation site and to prevent the groundwater drawdown and ground settlement outside the D-wall. A pumping test is performed to ensure water tightness of diaphragm wall.Bottom-up method for construction of the underground vehicular tunnel was adopted in this project, hit and miss diaphragm walls with strutting as the temporary support system for stages excavation works. The layout and details of the ELS are presented in the following:Most of the excavation are carried out in dense urban areas, so it is very important to check the stabili ty of the works which may induce adverse effect to the adjacent structures during the design and construction period. It is necessary to prepare well in advance to predict the excessive ground deformation phenomenon of deep excavation in design stage and review during the construction stage to ensure the safety and serviceability of the adjacent buildings and facilities. Inappropriate planning and design of ELS system can result in substantial deformation of soil and damage to the adjacent properties. Based on the available information of site, preventive measures will be developed for ELS works. The key elements need to be identified by finite element simulation. Therefore, numerical analysis helps to design the appropriate measures suitable for construction. The accuracy of soil deformation estimation depends on the correct interpretation of the numerical tool, the appropriate soil parameters, water pressure and properties of the lateral support system.There are three categories methods for soil deformation prediction, they are numerical methods, the analytical solutions and, empirical methods. Those methods have their own advantage and disadvantage on application which depends on the specific site constrains. Particularly, the numerical analysis can provide analysis of non-linear soil behaviour and complex construction procedure, this method needs proper understanding of soil parameters and properties of the lateral support system.Two-dimensional (2D) finite element analysis is used by Engineers since 1969, owning to the availability of computer facilities and simply for modelling of different site constrains and construction methods. In most cases, 2D analysis is conservatively predicts the deformation behaviour. This conservative prediction due to correct interpretation of the soil parameters, location and nature of fictitious boundary conditions, effect of surcharge from adjacent structures, sequence of excavations, etc.Some researchers have studied the effect of diaphragm wall on the stress distribution and deformation characteristics of ground below adjacent structure at different locations. Idealized processing of typical building loads, analysis of their effects on excavation and lateral support systems, bending moments, shear forces and displacement of D-walls. The results of the study indicate that the use of D-wall can greatly limit the ground movement under the building and safely for excavation. The horizontal and vertical displacements and the shear stress in the soil decrease linearly with the distance from the D-walls.In this research, an effort will be made to compare the soil deformation pattern in design stage and construction stage owning to deep excavation. The Trunk Road T2 is still in construction progress. The predicted deformation modelling of the mix ground soil by the computer program Plaxis will be used and also compared with the actual site monitoring measured data such as ground settlement marker, vertical inclinometer, strain gauge and piezometer during the construction.Finally, back calculation will be adopted to evaluate the accuracy of estimated soil parameters. Even under similar ground conditions, soil parameters can change significantly due to size, loading history, and excavation methods. However, these soil parameters will be followed the guidelines in Geoguides. This method can prove to be the best practice in any geotechnical energineering, as well as the initial field and laboratory investigations. Therefore, it can minimize the risk of construction and damage to adjacent structures. However, how to overcome the challenge of accurately predicting ground deformation does not have much guidance. The key difficulties of predicting ground movements from the comparison results will be suggested and recommended the improvement for the prediction throughout on the design consideration and inspection process.

Risk and Technological Advancements

Introduction Technology may refer to the understanding and tools that can allow men and women to modify available resources into a usable form. Although there are a number of technological changes that have resulted from simply modifying the existing ones, new technological innovations can also be seen all over the world (Kendall 58).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Risk and Technological Advancements specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the last 150 years, the rate at which technological changes take place has increased quite significantly. Major changes are noticeable in the world of computing where new discoveries may occur almost every day (Kendall 58). In a study done by Arnoldi, risk only became a subject of concern to nations when it became apparent that technological changes were beginning to cause a lot of havoc in the lives of people (3). The use of risky chemicals has ended up harming the health of thos e using them to carry out their farming activities. It is such threats to human life that have made men and women realize the importance of addressing the issue of risk (Arnoldi 3). Swift and Callahan, however, note that even though science and technology are blamed for being the genesis of so many risky situations, they are the best tools that we can use to tackle the emerging risks of technology (27). Edwards and Bowen also argue that what might appear as a risk to people may just be a profitable opportunity that can alter people’s fortunes. A point in case is what takes place at the stock market. Although stock market activities are characterized with fluctuations that occur from time to time presenting us with periods of huge loses, a careful analysis will show that the resultant risks are addressed with the correct attitude, these periods may end up being great opportunities that will later benefit people. Courageous traders are known to relax and wait to see prices chan ge to their benefit (11). Technology and Transformation Beyond any doubt, progress in the use of technological has radically transformed the way human beings live and interact with one another. One major effect of technological advancements that is well known to most people is globalization; the process of integrating activities of men and women taking place in different parts of the globe. With nations now operating as though no boundaries existed between them, it is now possible for many to realize their dreams so easily. International trade has been reinforced allowing business people to sell their products to a much wider market than before. The communication industry has also undergone drastic changes enabling people to reach others cheaply and very fast. Researchers can now share and also receive huge chunks of information electronically. People are now able to live much longer, thanks to discoveries in the medical world that have made this possible.Advertising Looking fo r essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although the advances in various sectors have brought about improved services and in some instance seen a huge reduction in the presence of risks, new forms of risk are now here to haunt man. Lack of proper waste management systems, the increased use of genetically modified foods, and green house emissions are some of the risks that have to be dealt with (Ropeik Gray 1). Besides having positively impacted the society, the world of technology has come with its own share of perils which are now causing fear and anxiety in the society. Planned attacks by gangsters, climate change and moral decay are also part of the challenges that have to be tackled. Over the years, discussions about risk have led to plenty of disagreements both in the political and social arenas (Borodzicz 1). Today, risk is seen to affect all areas of the economy with no exception. Human activities such as industrialization and deforestation have been blamed for the devastating effects of climate change that are posing a major risk to the existence of humanity. The health sector has also not been left behind. Outbreaks ranging from HIV/AIDS to H1N1 are slowing down progress in key sectors of the economy. Despite all these happening, discussions on the topic of risk are still considered to be less developed (Borodzicz 1). Not so long ago, there existed very little connection between security and crime. With recent developments that have resulted in scores of people losing their lives, stakeholders are compelled to go back to the drawing board and come up with better strategies of handling security risk at all levels. This was accelerated by the 9/11 and the London railway terrorist attacks which also led to massive loss of lives (Zedner et al 200-14). Zedner also argues that since our lives are controlled by security to a great extent, managing security should also be a very importa nt undertaking for all (Zedner et al 200-14). Cultural changes have also been encountered as a result of technological transformations throughout the world. It has, however, been observed that various components of culture do not change at the same pace. Whenever a change happens in the material culture of a society for example, the non-material culture must also follow suit and change accordingly (Kendall 58).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Risk and Technological Advancements specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Understanding and Measuring Risk Despite the fact that one will encounter so many contradictions when trying to define what risk really is, a popular belief held by many is that risk is the probability of experiencing loss or injury of some sort. Risk is also defined as the uncertainty which exists about the end result of an event (Figlewski Levich 4). It is the assumption that something, usually bad, cou ld happen. To be complete, the definition of risk must include the presence of a hazard which is seen as the expected negative outcome of the risk (Ropeik Gray 4). Cohrssen and Covello also define risk as being the possibility that one will suffer from a hazard (7). Faced with risk, most of us begin to worry and make plans while thinking about what might probably be the end result of an event (Karen Marilyn 19). Studies have shown that due to globalization, many risks are shared by all throughout the world. While some of the risks are considered new there are others that have been in existence for a very long time (Ale, 1). Disease outbreaks for example have been a part of the society for ages and immensely threaten the existence of mankind. Although the move in technological advances has led to increased risk in different parts of the world, other observations very clearly show that the increase is quite high in the industrialized world (Burger 1). Bouchet, Clark and Groslambert a lso noted that the risks that are faced by different countries never took center stage for a very a long time until recently (ix). Based on experience and viewpoint, people will have different understandings of risk. Adams states that we all develop skills of dealing with risk right from childhood. Through experimentation, children come across so many situations as they begin to learn how to crawl and later walk and talk. Unaware of the risks involved and completely unsure of what to expect, they make decisions and move on (1). Confusion and differences in opinion between governments, industries, communities and campaign groups are considered to be a result of the way different people will attempt to explain what risk is (Adams 1). Our own individual perceptions about risk may also negatively influence us to make decisions that could be totally wrong. In most parts of Africa for example, many people consider the harsh realities of climate change to be a demonstration of God’s anger towards mankind whereas the truth is that changes in climate are mainly due to the destructive activities of man. Personal views will also dictate how different people will react to situations given the same conditions. If felling down trees in the forest for instance is perceived to bring about drought, the reaction by a farmer in the country side will completely differ from that of a person living in the city. While the farmer might see a threat to his or her livelihood, the city resident will probably not even be moved by the pronouncement. Ropeik and Gray also argue that the way we behave in the face of risk is determined by how we recognize and respond to dangerous situations (2).Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Arnoldi, people are exposed to so many risks that are little known to them. Arnoldi places the onus on scientists who through research have a key role to play in ensuring that lay people are made aware of the different risks that man is faced with (3). Based on the nature of risk under consideration, individuals have been seen to respond differently and researchers in various fields have also come up with a number of parameters seen to influence the way people will perceive risk (Cohrssen Covello 9). Although it is quite difficult to tell what is bound to happen in the future, there is an argument that financial risk as a result of uncertainty can be easily controlled. As opposed to the earlier economies, it is now easier to identify risk in newer economies (Crouhy, Galai Mark 1). Several approaches can be adopted when it comes to measuring risk. Karen and Marilyn argue that risk is measured based on the information passed to us either through the media or experts, on the possibility of risks occurring (19). Scientists on the other hand are found to give measurements that are informed by research they carry out. Das argues that without having an elaborate means of measurement, the management of risk cannot be effective achieved (505). The process of controlling risk in organizations therefore presumes that such a mechanism exists. A study by Ricci indicates that risk can be measured by considering the probability of an outcome of some specified magnitude (18). Among others, he explains that the components of risk management will include; identifying the hazard, assessing the level of exposure to risk, and risk management actions (19). Managing Risk Das defines risk management as the act of identifying and putting an actual figure on risk (505). In the recent past, the subject of risk management has gained a lot of importance and is considered to be very critical to sound financial management (Das 3). To a very large extent, the management of ris k will differ from one organization o another and this is determined by what the organization has chosen decide will be an acceptable level of risk. Risk management is recognized by many as the force driving the business world today (Crouhy, Galai Mark 1). A common trend these days, is to address risk through the help of specialized research work. Statistical approaches are now being supplemented by works of research in the economic sector (Luhmann Barrett). Bernstein argues that the capacity to manage risk and the desire to take risk and make decisions to forge ahead form the main foundation of a growing economy (3). According to Borge’s arguement, the main reason as to why people will embark on managing risk is not to merely find the reason for what happened in the past but to ensure a secure future (6). People are known to react differently in the face of surprises and this also applies to the management of risk in different areas. If one is considered a fatalist, he or she may assume a surrendered attitude and will simply agree to deal with things as they. A fatalist will go with the flow of events and will spend time worrying about what is to come. Fanatics on the other hand have a tendency to face the future with a lot of certainty and with a strong belief that things will turn out for them as they expect. Others, however, like to take a much more practical attitude when dealing with uncertain situations. According to scientists, for example, uncertainties in life are due to ignorance (Borge 7). A very good example is the belief held by most people in Africa about the biting effects of climate change. Most strongly believe that it is an act of God and lay no blame on human beings. An environmentalist on the other hand, well informed by his or her research work, will seek to explain the actual problem by pointing out that man’s activities have played a big role in messing up the environment. According to Cohrssen and Covello, people will m ake use of what is generated through the processes of identifying or assessing risk together with other available information to decide on the approach that should be taken to eliminate or reduce risk (8). Teaf, Yessekin and Khankhasaev argue that for effective evaluation of the environment, risk assessment, risk management and risk communication must all be taken into consideration (1). The ultimate goal of risk management is seen to be the protection of both public health and the environment. A variety of techniques may be used to achieve this (Teaf, Yessekin and Khankhasaev 6). A study by Linkov and Ramadan shows that there are two different outlooks that contribute to the management of risk. First, there is the economic concern that will prompt us to want to measure the expected utility instead of looking at the likely consequence. Later, we get to weigh both the risks and the probable benefits. The other viewpoint is the based on psychological considerations. This takes into ac count the fact that risk is multidimensional and it goes ahead to emphasize that we have to make use of tactics that will direct us to act in a different way than is expected by public (4). Theories about Risk There are several theories that exist regarding risk. Besides theories presented by Mary Douglas, Ulrich Beck, and Governmentality, which are seen as being dominant in the study about risk, other theories have also been fronted by the likes of Niklas Luhnmann and Anthony Giddens (Arnoldi 62). In collaboration with several others, Mary Douglas came up with what is referred to as the cultural theory of risk. Her work was inspired by the structures that exist in all cultures. She uses her background as an anthropologist to explain the concept of risk. According to Douglas, every culture has its own good and bad. Douglas also notes that while what is considered good or bad varies from culture to culture, clear differences of these two can be noticed in all cultures (Arnoldi 38). D ouglas’ theories are very much in line with how men and women will view risk. Many people seem to understand risk from what their culture teaches. The many customs that exist in Africa today can help to explain this concept clearly. Fear of the dead for example has forced quite a number of people to get involved in activities that are meant to â€Å"cleanse them†. Serious cultural fanatics will get affected when they do not do what their culture requires of them. In his theory, Beck first draws a distinction between industrial and society risks. He then goes on to argue that a wide range of risks such as climate change that are considered to be the result of technological advances are very vital when it comes to defining the risk society (Arnoldi 46). Here, Beck also points out the fact the damage may not be seen immediately and it may take a very long time for the effects to be felt. Foucault makes use of the term governmentality so as to reveal the changes in the nat ure of government (Arnoldi 53). Foucault was driven into action by the gradual development seen in the new way of governing. Arnoldi also argues that in line with Douglas’ study, risks are to be potential eternal dangers to the society. Under governmentality, risks provide a means to make the social environment, a field that will create room for governments to intervene (58). Looking at the above discussion on theories, we can conclude that while many people may relate quite well with Douglas’ cultural risk theory, the other two theories by Beck and Foucault may be a bit complex for the common man to understand. As people get to concentrate more on planning for the future, traditions as well as vital relationships that sustained the society in the past get eroded (Swift Callahan 22). Sources of Information about Risk There are a number of credible sources of information about the subject of risk. In the study undertaken by Ropeik and Gray, science is considered to be a major source of information about risk though coupled with a lot of uncertainty (8). In spite of the doubts that exist, history shows that the results of scientific research can be very reliable. Without the intensive work of research done by scientists, it would be a nightmare for people to determine what risks they face. Scientist’s activities help so much in opening people’s eyes to the effects of risk as brought about by technological advances. Though affected by some level of propaganda, the media is another reliable source of information about risk. The success of the media is greatly enhanced by the fact that most of the time, information is presented backed by real life situations and these drive their message home very well. Watching television for example, one is able to receive information about different occurrences as they actually happened. We get to see the so many dangers that face all of us such as road accidents, drought, armed robberies, terrorist attacks, and human trafficking, to name but a few. Through the media, for example, we are made aware of incidences taking placed all over the world including earthquakes, hurricanes, tornados and disease outbreaks among others. With this very important information being available, one can make then make decisions that will that help them stay away from any form of trouble unless it cannot be avoidable. Examples of Risky Undertakings and their Dangers to Humanity There are a number of activities that human beings engage in and these expose them to serious risks. As human beings go about their day to day business looking for means to survive, they are often faced with all forms of risk. While some of these risks are as a matter of choice and can therefore be avoided, there are others that have to be done for one to survive (Beck 19). In a case where one has to eat, there is no opting out of an activity because of the risk involved. In the olden days men will go out hunting for game me at oblivious of the fact that they might be attacked by ferocious animals (Ale 3). Again, all because of wanting to make ends meet, most people in the developing nations have engaged in mining of natural resources. By so doing, they have exposed themselves to serious risks and quite a number have lost lives. This situation is worsened by poverty and high levels of unemployment that leave people with no option but to overlook the dangers associate with these activities. We are all familiar with the devastating effects of the HIV/AIDS outburst that has claimed millions of lives already. This is a major concern to many economies and governments are forced to spend millions of dollars to deal with the repercussions. Employers have also lost so many valuable employees to this scourge. Many parents have succumbed to death because of HIV/AIDS and this has seen the number of orphans across the globe swell. Given that many organizations are now offering expensive trainings to equip their emp loyees, the loss of a single employee is deemed to be very expensive. Even though stakeholders are working so hard to mitigate the effects of HIV/AIDS, the fight against the pandemic is far from over. New infections are still being recorded and with the high level of poverty in the developing nations, people will tend to do anything just to survive. Perhaps the worst cases are those involving terrorists’ attacks. Globally, thousands of people have lost their lives through acts of terrorism. This has seen different nations turn to commercial policing so as to ensure that they will be able to get to the root of the problem. Hamilton argues that although watchmen were forced to join this band wagon, private policing turned out to be such a brilliant idea and was embraced by several countries (141). Similarly Britain and other parts of the European world have resorted to commercial forms of policing so as to deal with challenges that face them (Johnston 123 – 134). A study by Arnoldi shows the heavy use of pesticides in farming as one of the side effects of technology and using the pesticides exposes human beings to grave dangers (3). Conclusion Following from this discussion it is very clear that we are certainly living in a world that is more dangerous than before. 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